What is Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)?

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Oct 25, 2024

The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is an advanced environmental satellite program developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in partnership with NASA. JPSS is a series of polar-orbiting satellites designed to monitor Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface with high precision. JPSS represents the next generation of polar-orbiting satellites that provide critical data for weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and environmental observations. The system's continuous global coverage and high-resolution instruments make it essential for predicting severe weather events, supporting climate change research, and monitoring the health of ecosystems. With its capability to gather data on temperature, humidity, aerosols, and cloud dynamics, JPSS provides vital insights into Earth’s climate systems and the state of global ecosystems, helping predict natural disasters, assess environmental health, and understand long-term climate trends.

Each JPSS satellite orbits Earth in a sun-synchronous polar orbit at approximately 824 km (512 miles) altitude, ensuring it observes the same region of Earth at roughly the same local solar time daily. The orbit's inclination (98.7 degrees) allows JPSS to cover the entire globe twice a day. This setup is crucial for consistent data collection and long-term environmental monitoring, giving scientists regular, highly detailed snapshots of the planet’s weather and climate systems. The data are key for creating numerical weather models, improving forecasts, and supporting emergency management responses making the JPSS instrumental for both scientific research and public safety applications. In addition to supporting in weather forecasting, JPSS monitors climate change indicators, helping scientists track greenhouse gas concentrations, sea ice changes, and deforestation patterns, providing comprehensive datasets that enhance our understanding of how Earth's climate is evolving. The system's ability to monitor ecosystem health, including drought patterns and oceanic productivity, supports efforts to safeguard natural resources and biodiversity.

Mission Overview and Importance

The JPSS mission operates in a sun-synchronous polar orbit, meaning it passes over the same region of Earth at roughly the same local solar time every day. This ensures consistent lighting conditions and reliable observations, making the JPSS system a vital tool for real-time environmental monitoring. The mission is designed to improve medium and long-term weather forecasting by providing accurate data on global atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial conditions. The program follows on from the legacy of the Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), enhancing the U.S.'s capabilities in weather and environmental forecasting. JPSS satellites deliver more precise, real-time data for weather models, which are critical for disaster preparedness, tracking severe weather events, and providing advance warnings to reduce potential damage.

The JPSS system is a predecessor of the Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), with enhanced capabilities for real-time environmental monitoring and high-resolution observations. The precision of data from JPSS allows for better prediction of severe weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and blizzards, providing longer lead times for disaster management and early warnings. The JPSS mission provides critical insights into global climate trends by tracking changes in sea surface temperatures, atmospheric moisture, and cloud cover. These observations are fundamental for understanding how climate change impacts various Earth systems, including polar ice, ecosystems, and ocean circulation. By contributing to climate models, JPSS helps forecast climate variability and long-term global climate shifts. In addition to weather forecasting, JPSS supports environmental and ecosystem health monitoring, tracking natural disasters, droughts, and agricultural productivity. The system's ability to observe global phenomena from a space-based vantage point offers unparalleled accuracy and consistency, making it indispensable for public safety, environmental conservation, and climate resilience planning.

Satellites in the JPSS Program

The JPSS program comprises a series of polar-orbiting satellites, including Suomi NPP (the precursor to JPSS), JPSS-1 (NOAA-20), and future planned satellites such as JPSS-2, JPSS-3, and JPSS-4. Each satellite is equipped with advanced sensors and instruments that gather data in different spectral ranges, from visible light to infrared and microwave.

1. Suomi NPP: Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership) was the first satellite launched in October 28, 2011to serve as a bridge between NOAA’s previous generation of polar satellites (POES) and JPSS. It acts as a bridge between legacy satellites and the JPSS series. It was the first to carry the new generation of instruments that set the standard for subsequent JPSS satellites. It provides valuable data that support weather forecasting and climate science, laying the groundwork for future JPSS missions.

2. JPSS-1 (NOAA-20): JPSS-1 (NOAA-20) was launched on November 18, 2017, becoming the first of the next-generation satellites. Each JPSS satellite is designed to last around seven years, with continuous updates in the series planned to maintain operational capabilities through the 2030s. It carries advanced sensors deliver high-resolution data for improving numerical weather models and environmental monitoring, advancing predictive accuracy for extreme weather.  It enhances numerical weather models and supports environmental monitoring applications.

3. JPSS-2 (NOAA-21): JPSS-1 (NOAA-20) was launched on November 10, 2022, renamed NOAA-21 after launch. It continues the data collection and observation functions of its predecessors, ensuring uninterrupted access to critical environmental data. Includes improvements in instrument technology for better data quality and reliability.

4. Future Satellites: The program will expand with JPSS-3 and JPSS-4, scheduled for launch in the coming years ensuring the availability of essential environmental data through the 2030. Each JPSS satellite is equipped with advanced sensors that monitor the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land in different spectral ranges (visible, infrared, and microwave), improving both weather forecasting and environmental research. The system plays a key role in tracking climate change, oceanic health, and ecosystem dynamics, providing data to enhance global climate models and long-term environmental predictions.

Key Instruments on JPSS Satellites

Each JPSS satellite is equipped with a suite of advanced instruments designed to observe various environmental parameters:

1. VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite): This instrument provides imagery and radiometric data in visible and infrared wavelengths, which are used for a wide range of applications, including cloud and aerosol monitoring, surface temperature measurements, and monitoring the health of vegetation. It operates across 22 spectral bands, ranging from visible light to long-wave infrared (0.412 µm to 12.01 µm). VIIRS provides data at two spatial resolutions, 375 meters for imager bands and 750 meters for moderate resolution bands, with a swath width of about 3,000 km. It provides detailed high-resolution imagery of Earth's surface and atmosphere. It generates over 20 environmental data products, including cloud cover, sea surface temperature, ocean colour, and land vegetation indices. It supports weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and environmental assessments such as wildfire detection and algal bloom monitoring.

2.  Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS): CrIS measures infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and atmosphere, providing data on temperature, humidity, and pressure. CrIS data are used to monitor the global atmospheric state and feed into numerical weather prediction models to enhance their accuracy. The instrument covers the short-wave infrared (3.9 to 4.64 µm), mid-wave infrared (5.71 to 8.26 µm), and long-wave infrared (9.14 to 15.38 µm) ranges. CrIS provides data with a horizontal resolution of 14 km at nadir and 50 km at limb across 30 sounding channels. Its spectral coverage spans short, mid and long-wave infrared bands, providing data on temperature, humidity, and pressure. This instrument is vital for improving Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models and contributes to understanding climate dynamics by delivering accurate atmospheric soundings.

3. ATMS (Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder): ATMS measures microwave radiation to derive temperature and moisture profiles, regardless of weather conditions. The ATMS features 22 microwave channels, ranging from 23 GHz to 183 GHz. The horizontal resolution varies with frequency but ranges from about 15 km at nadir for the lower-frequency channels to 75 km at nadir for higher-frequency channels. Its 22 microwave channels penetrate cloud cover, allowing it to gather critical atmospheric data even during storms or heavy precipitation, which other instruments like infrared sounders may struggle to detect. This makes ATMS particularly useful for tracking storm systems, such as hurricanes and blizzards, aiding both weather prediction and climate research. It provides all-weather temperature and humidity profiles, crucial for observing atmospheric conditions under cloudy or rainy conditions where optical sensors like VIIRS and CrIS are limited.

4. Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS): It tracks ozone layer health, monitors ultraviolet radiation levels, and supports studies on atmospheric composition and air quality. OMPS tracks the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere, monitoring the health of the ozone layer and detecting harmful UV radiation levels that could affect human health and ecosystems. The Nadir Mapper which measures total column ozone using a wide field of view (110° cross-track) to provide near-global coverage daily. The Nadir Profiler profiles the ozone distribution across different atmospheric layers from the troposphere to the stratosphere using ultraviolet spectrometry. This data is essential for understanding changes in the ozone layer and assessing the potential impacts on ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth's surface.

5. Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES): CERES measures the Earth's energy budget by tracking the amount of solar energy reflected by Earth and the amount emitted as thermal radiation. This data is essential for understanding the balance of Earth's climate system and tracking changes over time. While CERES is included only on Suomi NPP, it plays a crucial role by measuring Earth's radiation budget, the balance between the solar energy reflected by Earth and the thermal energy emitted. This data helps scientists analyze the role of clouds and aerosols in Earth's climate system, contributing to climate modeling and efforts to understand global energy fluxes. It measures both the incoming solar radiation reflected by the Earth and the outgoing long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. It helps determine the Earth’s radiation budget, which is essential for studying cloud-radiation interactions and understanding the Earth’s energy balance.

The combined capabilities of these instruments enable JPSS to provide comprehensive environmental observations that support weather forecasting, disaster preparedness, climate research, and ecosystem monitoring. Each sensor is designed to gather critical data in its respective domain, creating a robust system for real-time environmental monitoring and long-term climate assessment.

Key Objectives of JPSS

1. Improving Weather Forecasting

The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) enhances weather forecasting by providing highly accurate, high-resolution data on temperature, humidity, and cloud cover. These variables are critical for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, which simulate the Earth’s atmosphere and predict weather patterns. By contributing real-time atmospheric measurements, JPSS improves short, medium, and long-term forecasts. This is especially vital for predicting extreme weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and snowstorms, allowing emergency services and governments to take timely actions to safeguard lives and property. JPSS data are essential in making weather forecasts more reliable, particularly in regions prone to volatile weather, enabling accurate predictions for public safety and disaster response. For example, the system can track the development and movement of hurricanes over several days, providing early warnings that save lives and help mitigate damage to infrastructure. Additionally, improvements in long-term weather prediction, such as seasonal forecasts, allow communities to prepare for shifts in climate, such as droughts or heavy precipitation events.

2. Climate and Environmental Monitoring

JPSS plays a significant role in climate monitoring by observing long-term changes in Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and ecosystems. Through continuous data collection, JPSS allows scientists to assess trends such as rising sea surface temperatures, shifts in vegetation health, and the melting of ice caps. These metrics are key to understanding the progression of climate change, and their impacts on global systems like agriculture, water resources, and biodiversity. JPSS provides valuable data to track greenhouse gas concentrations, ozone depletion, and deforestation all of which are crucial indicators of environmental health. The detailed high-quality satellite imagery helps scientists and environmental researchers examine how climate change is influencing natural systems over time and how human activities are exacerbating environmental degradation.

3. Ocean Monitoring and Ecosystem Health

Another crucial objective of JPSS is to monitor ocean surface temperatures, which are vital for understanding marine weather, including the formation of tropical cyclones and oceanic currents. Accurate measurements of ocean temperatures help forecast marine weather patterns that affect coastal ecosystems and economies that depend on marine resources, such as fisheries, shipping, and offshore energy industries. In addition to temperature monitoring, JPSS tracks phenomena like algal blooms (which can harm marine life and water quality) and the movement of sea ice in the polar regions. These observations contribute to marine conservation efforts and help maintain the balance of marine ecosystems. Accurate data about sea ice movement are also critical for shipping routes, particularly in the Arctic, where changing ice conditions have a direct economic impact.

4. Support for Global Environmental Research

JPSS supports global environmental research by monitoring aerosols, trace gases, and volcanic ash, which can have significant effects on air quality, climate, and aviation safety. Aerosols and trace gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, play a key role in understanding and modeling climate change, and JPSS provides the continuous global coverage necessary to observe their distribution and movement across the planet. JPSS monitors the release of volcanic ash during eruptions, which can pose risks to aviation by disrupting flight paths and affecting aircraft engines. The system’s ability to detect atmospheric particles in near real-time is crucial for issuing air traffic alerts and mitigating the effects of natural hazards on international air travel. The JPSS data on greenhouse gases and pollutants contribute to global efforts aimed at monitoring and reducing the causes of climate change. These datasets are used by policymakers and scientists to make informed decisions about mitigating climate impacts and improving air quality regulations.

Applications of JPSS Data

  • Weather and Disaster Forecasting: JPSS data feeds into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, which are essential for forecasting severe weather events. These models improve the accuracy of forecasts for hurricanes, blizzards, droughts, and other natural disasters, helping to save lives and reduce economic losses by enabling timely warnings and disaster preparedness. It has high-resolution atmospheric profiles with data from CrIS and ATMS enhance understanding of atmospheric dynamics. It has a global coverage of twice-daily observations support timely updates to weather models. It has improved forecasts for hurricanes, tornadoes, and severe storms, aiding in early warning systems and disaster preparedness.
  • Climate Research: The continuous stream of high-precision data from JPSS satellites is used to study long-term climate trends, such as global temperature increases, ice melt, and changes in ocean heat content. These observations are crucial for climate change research and policy-making. It has sea surface temperature monitoring with VIIRS data help assess ocean heat content, crucial for climate studies. It’s cryosphere observation that monitors the sea ice extent and snow cover informs climate change assessments.
  • Air Quality Monitoring: JPSS instruments detect atmospheric pollutants such as aerosols, dust, and ozone levels. This data is used by agencies to monitor air quality, track the spread of pollutants from natural disasters like wildfires or volcanic eruptions, and assess the impact on public health.
  • Ocean and Marine Applications: JPSS provides data on sea surface temperatures, algal blooms, and oceanic wind patterns, aiding the marine industry in navigation, fishing, and environmental monitoring. By tracking sea ice extent and ocean temperature patterns, JPSS also contributes to monitoring the effects of climate change on the oceans.
  • Agriculture and Ecosystem Monitoring: With its high-resolution imagery and vegetation health monitoring capabilities, JPSS supports agricultural planning, assessing drought conditions, and monitoring global food production systems. It helps track the state of forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems, making it a vital tool for conservation and resource management.
  • Technological Innovations: In addition to traditional nadir viewing, JPSS instruments like OMPS provide limb-sounding capabilities observations taken at the edge of Earth's atmosphere offering enhanced vertical resolution of the ozone layer. CrIS and ATMS use cross-track scanning mechanisms to gather data over wide swaths of Earth’s surface, which improves the coverage area and spatial resolution of the collected data. JPSS satellites transmit data directly to ground stations via the High-Rate Data (HRD) system. Users with the proper equipment can receive this data almost immediately after collection, allowing near-real-time applications in weather forecasting and disaster monitoring.
  • Global Data Processing: Once data is transmitted to ground stations, NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) processes the information into usable environmental products. Sophisticated algorithms are applied to transform raw instrument measurements into actionable data, such as temperature, moisture profiles, or ozone concentrations. These processed datasets are made available to various government agencies, researchers, and international weather prediction centers through platforms like NOAA’s CLASS (Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System).
  • Data Accessibility: NOAA CLASS (Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System) has archived data products for users. It enables users with compatible ground stations to receive real-time data directly from the satellites. Global Telecommunications System (GTS) distributes data internationally to support global weather forecasting efforts.
  • Contributions to Science and Society: Improved accuracy leads to better preparedness and mitigation of weather-related hazards. Long-term data records contribute to understanding climate change and variability. Accurate weather and environmental information support sectors like agriculture, aviation, maritime operations, and energy management. Scientific data underpin policy decisions related to environmental protection and resource management. Timely information aids in disaster response, reducing the impact on communities.
  • Impact on Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP): JPSS data play a crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. For example, the high-resolution atmospheric soundings provided by CrIS and ATMS are fed into global NWP models, improving forecasts for severe weather events like hurricanes and blizzards. The improved vertical resolution and coverage of JPSS satellites lead to better predictions of storm tracks, precipitation intensity, and other atmospheric phenomena, extending the lead time for public safety warnings.
  • System Redundancy and Reliability: JPSS operates as part of an integrated network of polar and geostationary satellites. Its polar orbit complements the observations made by NOAA's GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites), which monitor local weather events from a stationary position over the equator. By providing global coverage through the polar orbit and local monitoring via GOES, NOAA ensures a robust and redundant satellite weather observation system.
  • Inter-Agency and International Collaboration: JPSS works closely with other satellite systems, including the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) and Japan’s Himawari satellites, to ensure global coverage and data exchange. This collaboration supports a shared international effort to improve weather forecasting, monitor climate change, and manage environmental challenges like air quality and ocean health.
  • Future Upgrades and Developments: The JPSS program is designed for long-term environmental monitoring, with JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 scheduled to launch in the late 2020s and early 2030s. These satellites will carry updated versions of the existing suite of instruments, benefiting from technological advancements in sensor resolution, data transmission, and processing power.

The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) represents an advanced technology with the ability to monitor and predict atmospheric and environmental conditions globally. Its combination of advanced sensors and its ability to operate in a sun-synchronous orbit allows for the collection of data that is critical for improving weather forecasting, understanding climate change, monitoring ecosystems and protecting public health. By using a suite of advanced instruments, JPSS enables the collection of high-resolution, global datasets that support a wide range of scientific and operational applications. As the program continues to evolve, its impact on weather prediction, climate science, and disaster management will remain indispensable. By delivering real-time and highly accurate data, JPSS is a major system of modern environmental monitoring and will continue to be vital for global scientific and practical applications.

Space Missions - A list of all Space Missions

esa

Name Date
Altius 01 May, 2025
Hera 01 Oct, 2024
Arctic Weather Satellite 01 Jun, 2024
EarthCARE 29 May, 2024
Arctic Weather Satellite (AWS) 01 Mar, 2024
MTG Series 13 Dec, 2022
Eutelsat Quantum 30 Jul, 2021
Sentinel 6 21 Nov, 2020
OPS-SAT 18 Dec, 2019
Cheops 18 Dec, 2019

isro

Name Date
INSAT-3DS 17 Feb, 2024
XPoSat 01 Jan, 2024
Aditya-L1 02 Sep, 2023
DS-SAR 30 Jul, 2023
Chandrayaan-3 14 Jul, 2023
NVS-01 29 May, 2023
TeLEOS-2 22 Apr, 2023
OneWeb India-2 26 Mar, 2023
EOS-07 10 Feb, 2023
EOS-06 26 Nov, 2022

jaxa

Name Date
VEP-4 17 Feb, 2024
TIRSAT 17 Feb, 2024
CE-SAT 1E 17 Feb, 2024
XRISM 07 Sep, 2023
SLIM 07 Sep, 2023
ALOS-3 07 Mar, 2023
ISTD-3 07 Oct, 2022
JDRS 1 29 Nov, 2020
HTV9 21 May, 2020
IGS-Optical 7 09 Feb, 2020

nasa

Name Date
NEO Surveyor 01 Jun, 2028
Libera 01 Dec, 2027
Artemis III 30 Sep, 2026
Artemis II 30 Sep, 2025
Europa Clipper 10 Oct, 2024
SpaceX CRS-29 09 Nov, 2023
Psyche 13 Oct, 2023
DSOC 13 Oct, 2023
Psyche Asteroid 05 Oct, 2023
Expedition 70 27 Sep, 2023