This paper is a call to action. It seeks to demystify in-orbit refueling, highlight emerging security vulnerabilities, and clarify the commercial and investment opportunities for policymakers, program leaders, operators, and investors.

This paper is intentionally comprehensive to cover the different facets of in-orbit refueling: technology, policy, operations, and investment. While longer than a typical brief, the content is designed to provide clear, practical insight across all these areas. A detailed table of contents is included for easy navigation, but readers may go directly to sections most relevant to them, though reviewing the full document will provide the strongest understanding of the strategic context.